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virologyj.biomedcentral.com

Background Coinfections of influenza A virus (IAV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) have been increasingly reported in patients with severe pneumonia, yet their pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Methods We established murine models to investigate the effects of coinfection with HSV-1 (strain KOS) and IAV (A/Aichi/2/1968 (H3N2)) under different orders of infection. Mice were assigned to one of five groups: (1) HSV-1 monoinfection, (2) H3N2 monoinfection, (3) simultaneous coinfection (H3N2 + HSV-1), (4) sequential coinfection with H3N2 administered three days prior to HSV-1 (H3N2-HSV-1), and (5) sequential coinfection with HSV-1 administered three days prior to H3N2 (HSV-1-H3N2). We then compared disease severity, viral replication, lung injury, cytokine profiles along with innate and adaptive immune responses. Results Overall, all coinfection groups developed more severe disease than HSV-1 monoinfection. However, when compared to H3N2 monoinfection, the order of coinfection resulted in distinct differences in disease severity and immune response patterns. Specifically, simultaneous H3N2 + HSV-1 and sequential H3N2-HSV-1 coinfections led to increased mortality, higher H3N2 viral loads, and more pronounced pulmonary inflammation. These groups exhibited elevated cytokine levels and dysregulated immune responses, with the H3N2 + HSV-1 group displaying reduced proportions of natural killer cells (NK), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), while the H3N2-HSV-1 group showed a robust expansion of these innate immune cells. Additionally, these two coinfection strategies were associated with increased H3N2-specific IFN-γ⁺CD8⁺ T cells, reflecting an exacerbated adaptive response. In contrast, sequential HSV-1-H3N2 coinfection resulted in milder disease manifestations, characterized by lower mortality, decreased clinical severity, reduced cytokine levels, and diminished pro

outbreak.info

Outbreak.info explores COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 data with variant surveillance reports, data on cases and deaths, and a searchable research library.

micro.med.upenn.edu

department of microbiology

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dandavidprize.org

Born May 23, 1929, in Bucharest, Dan David endured many personal and historical tragedies before achieving freedom and success.

dynavax.com

dynavax technologies is focused on leveraging the power of the body’s innate and adaptive immune responses through toll-like receptor (tlr) stimulation.

anivive.com

Anivive's answers to frequently asked questions from investors

vbivaccines.com

VBI Vaccines Inc. (VBI) is initiating a voluntary nationwide recall of all remaining PreHevbrio® [Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant); NDC 75052-001-10] (“PreHevbrio”) due to the bankruptcy of the company and termination...

helmholtz-hiri.de

At the HIRI, we do not just value excellent research. Short distances, an open door policy, and a good working atmosphere—this is what distinguishes us from others. Have a look at our current job postings.