3月4日 的 Thinking Fast & Slow - Summary 應用程式分析

A summary of: Thinking, Fast and Slow. It is a 2011 book by psychologist Daniel Kahneman. The book's main thesis is that of a dichotomy between two modes of thought: "System 1" is fast, instinctive and emotional; "System 2" is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. The book delineates rational and non-rational motivations or triggers associated with each type of thinking process, and how they complement each other, starting with Kahneman's own research on loss aversion. From framing choices to people's tendency to replace a difficult question with one which is easy to answer, the book summarizes several decades of research to suggest that people have too much confidence in human judgement. Kahneman performed his own research, often in collaboration with Amos Tversky, which enriched his experience to write the book. It covers different phases of his career: his early work concerning cognitive biases, his work on prospect theory and happiness, and with the Israel Defense Forces. The integrity of many of the priming studies cited in the book have been called into question in the midst of the psychological replication crisis, although the results of Kahneman's own studies have been replicated.[citation needed] The book was a New York Times bestseller and was the 2012 winner of the National Academies Communication Award for best creative work that helps the public understanding of topics in behavioral science, engineering and medicine. In the book's first section, Kahneman describes two different ways the brain forms thoughts: System 1: Fast, automatic, frequent, emotional, stereotypic, unconscious. Examples (in order of complexity) of things system 1 can do: determine that an object is at a greater distance than another localize the source of a specific sound complete the phrase "war and ..." display disgust when seeing a gruesome image solve 2+2=? read text on a billboard drive a car on an empty road think of a good chess move (if you're a chess master) understand simple sentences associate the description 'quiet and structured person with an eye for details' with a specific job System 2: Slow, effortful, infrequent, logical, calculating, conscious. Examples of things system 2 can do: prepare yourself for the start of a sprint direct your attention towards the clowns at the circus direct your attention towards someone at a loud party look for the woman with the grey hair try to recognize a sound sustain a faster-than-normal walking rate determine the appropriateness of a particular behavior in a social setting count the number of A's in a certain text give someone your telephone number park into a tight parking space determine the price/quality ratio of two washing machines determine the validity of a complex logical reasoning solve 17 × 24 Content: INTRODUCTION PART 1: TWO SYSTEMS 1: THE CHARACTERS OF THE STORY 2: ATTENTION AND EFFORT 3: THE LAZY CONTROLLER 4: THE ASSOCIATIVE MACHINE 5: COGNITIVE EASE 6: NORMS, SURPRISES, AND CAUSES 7: A MACHINE FOR JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS 9: ANSWERING AN EASIER QUESTION PART 2: HEURISTICS AND BIASES 10: THE LAW OF SMALL NUMBERS 11: ANCHORING EFFECTS 12: THE SCIENCE OF AVAILABILITY 13: AVAILABILITY, EMOTION, AND RISK 14: TOM W’S SPECIALTY 15: LINDA: LESS IS MORE 17: REGRESSION TO THE MEAN 18: TAMING INTUITIVE PREDICTIONS PART 3: OVERCONFIDENCE 19: THE ILLUSION OF UNDERSTANDINGCHAPTER 20: THE ILLUSION OF VALIDITY 21: INTUITIONS VS. FORMULAS 22: EXPERT INTUITION: WHEN CAN WE TRUST IT? 23: THE OUTSIDE VIEW 24: THE ENGINE OF CAPITALISM PART 4: CHOICES 25: BERNOULLI’S ERROR 26: PROSPECT THEORY 27: THE ENDOWMENT EFFECT 28: BAD EVENTS 29: THE FOURFOLD PATTERN 30: RARE EVENTS 31: RISK POLICIES 32: KEEPING SCORE 33: REVERSALS 34: FRAMES AND REALITY PART 5: TWO SELVES 35: TWO SELVES 37: EXPERIENCED WELL-BEING 38: THINKING ABOUT LIFE