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Brief answer questions: 1.) What is instruction cycle? Ans: The instruction cycle, also known as the fetch-decode-execute cycle, is a fundamental concept in computer architecture that describes the process by which a computer executes instructions. 2.) What do you mean by Data and Address Bus? The data bus is a bi-directional pathway used for transferring data between the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory, and peripherals such as input/output devices. The address bus is unidirectional and carries memory addresses from the CPU to memory or peripheral devices. 3.) Define DMA. DMA stands for Direct Memory Access. It’s a feature of computer systems that allows certain hardware subsystems within the computer to access system memory for reading from or writing to it independently of the central processing unit (CPU). 4.) Explain about SAP2. SAP2 is an improvement over SAP1, featuring a more advanced architecture. Similar to SAP1, SAP2 uses RAM for both instructions and data. It may have a larger memory capacity compared to SAP1. 5.) What do you Operation Code? An operation code is the first part of an instruction that tells the computer what to do with the variable or data written beside it. 6.) Define Instruction Format. The instruction formats are a sequence of bits (0 and 1). These bits, when grouped, are known as fields. 7.) What do you mean by Shift Microoperations. Shift microoperations are fundamental operations that involve shifting the binary digits (bits) of a binary number to the left or right by a certain number of positions. 8.) Define CISC architecture. CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer that represents a type of computer architecture design that features a large set of complex instructions. 9.) What do you mean by Memory Hierarchy? Memory hierarchy refers to the arrangement of different types of memory storage devices in a computer system, organized in a hierarchy based on their speed, capacity, and cost. 10.) Define Data Dependency. Data