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The Energy Act of 2020 defined critical minerals as those that are essential to the economic or national security of the United States; have a supply chain that is vulnerable to disruption; and serve an essential function in the manufacturing of a product, the absence of which would have significant consequences for the economic or national security of the U.S. The act further specified that critical minerals do not include fuel minerals; water, ice, or snow; or common varieties of sand, gravel, stone, pumice, cinders, and clay. Mineral criticality is not static, but changes over time as supply and demand dynamics evolve, import reliance changes, and new technologies are developed. The 2025 list of critical minerals/elements includes:AluminumCobaltHafniumMetallurgical CoalRhodiumThuliumAntimonyCopperHolmiumNeodymiumRubidiumTinArsenicDysprosiumIndiumNickelRutheniumTitaniumBariteErbiumIridiumNiobiumSamariumTungstenBerylliumEuropiumLanthanumPalladiumScandiumUraniumBismuthFluorsparLeadPhosphateSiliconVanadiumBoronGadoliniumLithiumPlatinumSilverYtterbiumCeriumGalliumLutetiumPotashTantalumYttriumCesiumGermaniumMagnesiumPraseodymiumTelluriumZincChromiumGraphiteManganeseRheniumTerbiumZirconiumLearn More: National Minerals Information CenterCritical MineralsUSGS Mineral Resources Program