Топ-10 конкурентов geophy.cn

sjdz.org.cn

Field aligned currents (FACs), also known as Birkland current, are flowing along the magnetic field line between the ionosphere and magnetosphere. They play an essential role in transferring mass, energy, and momentum from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere at high latitudes. FACs arouse much interest in magnetospheric and ionospheric physics even about 60 years after their first experimental discovery. Many critical physical processes in the geospace (e.g., aurora, geomagnetic storm, substorm et al.) are believed to be related to FACs. Scientists have performed a lot of researches on FACs' characteristics and generation mechanisms using ground and space observations. This paper reviews different types of large-scale ionospheric FACs and their temporal and spatial distribution during active geomagnetic conditions (magnetic storm and substorm). Firstly, the paper briefly reviews how the term of FACs were proposed and the related historical disputes. With the launch of the manufactured satellites and the advent of the space age, the in situ observation of magnetic fields from low Earth orbit satellite provides direct evidence for FACs. The paper summarizes the characteristics of traditional region 1 and region 2 FACs (R1, R2), northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF, NBZ) and IMF By (DPY) FACs, newly discovered IMF Bx FACs, and ionospheric terminal FACs. FACs are related to the divergence of the magnetospheric currents and magnetospheric electric field. The ionosphere acts as a load in the current circuit. We review the research process on the characteristics of the magnetospheric source region of R1 and R2 FACs. The magnetospheric source of FACs exhibits noticeable local time differences. The source of the dayside FACs behaves as a voltage source, while that of the nighttime FACs is like a current source. The paper summarizes the research results on the relative intensity of R1 and R2 FACs under different external conditions. Typically R1 FACs are larger t

sciengine.com

SciEngine：中国科技期刊国际传播和知识服务平台是一个以科技类学术期刊为主要传播经营对象的国际化数字出版传播和知识服务平台。平台借助中国科技出版传媒股份有限公司出版的丰富、优质、专业的学术期刊内容，经过整合、重组，打造生成各种形态的数字化产品，集聚中国科学院乃至国内外的高水平学术期刊资源，实现全方位生产运营、传播和知识服务。

wavefun.com

Energies and Equilibrium Geometries : As a long time Spartan user, I have followed the change in default computational models used for structure (Equilibrium Geometry) over the years. From HF/3-21G

ngsolve.org

netgen/ngsolve is a finite element tool. one can solve mechanical, electromagnetic or flow problems and many more