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sciencedaily.com

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance evolves naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered by applying an evolutionary stress on a population. Once such a gene is generated, bacteria can then transfer the genetic information in a horizontal fashion (between individuals) by plasmid exchange. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multiresistant or, informally, a superbug.

psypost.org

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jneurosci.org

While transient changes in synaptic strength occurring during the repetitive firing of primary afferent inputs to the spinal superficial dorsal horn (SDH) are predicted to strongly influence the fidelity with which nociceptive signals are transmitted through the SDH network, little is known about whether the properties of short-term plasticity (STP) at sensory synapses depend on the identity of the postsynaptic target or whether STP is under the control of neuromodulators such as dopamine. Here we investigate these issues using ex vivo patch-clamp recordings from identified lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons, inhibitory interneurons (VGAT+), and putative excitatory interneurons (VGAT−) in spinal cord slices from adult mice of both sexes. Repeated activation of A-fiber inputs to the SDH evoked short-term depression (STD) across all major subtypes of SDH neurons, although the magnitude of STD was greatest in projection neurons with high-frequency stimulation. Meanwhile, repetitive activation of C-fiber synapses onto GABAergic interneurons evoked more pronounced STD compared with excitatory neurons across a range of stimulation frequencies. Both A-fiber and C-fiber synapses recovered from STD at a similar rate across the different SDH cell types examined. Dopamine (20 µM) significantly depressed the overall glutamatergic drive, and reduced afferent-evoked firing, selectively in spinoparabrachial neurons and excitatory interneurons without changes in the properties of STP. Collectively, these findings reveal novel potential mechanisms by which the efficacy of the spinal inhibitory “gate,” and thus the gain of ascending nociceptive transmission to the brain, may be rapidly altered during periods of strong sensory input to the SDH network.

scitechdaily.com

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livescience.com

The first vagina-on-a-chip replicates the cellular environment of the vagina.

phys.org

Daily science news on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations

sciencealert.com

Plant seeds can sense the vibrations generated by falling raindrops and respond by waking from their state of dormancy to welcome the water, new research shows.

psychologytoday.com

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological condition that disrupts the normal sleep-wake cycle. People with this sleep disorder can experience overwhelming fatigue and uncontrollable sleepiness; they nap or fall asleep often throughout the day and can lapse into fully unplanned sleep at any time. They may also take multiple "micro-naps," lasting just a few seconds at a time. During severe bouts of sleepiness, they may continue with their normal activities in a kind of automatic state, but may feel dazed and have no memory of engaging in the activity.

newscientist.com

A patch of ocean south-east of Greenland is the only place on Earth that is cooling, and it could be a sign that the warm water "conveyor belt" in the Atlantic is slowing down

nature.com

Nature is the foremost international weekly scientific journal in the world and is the flagship journal for Nature Portfolio. It publishes the finest ...