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iter.org

ITER will be equipped with a cooling water system to manage the heat generated during operation of the tokamak. The internal surfaces of the vacuum vessel (first wall blanket and divertor) must be cooled to approximately 240 °C only a few metres from the 150-million-degree plasma.Water will be used to remove heat from the vacuum vessel and its components, and to cool auxiliary systems such as radio frequency heating and current drive systems, the chilled water system (CHWS), the cryogenic system, and the coil power supply and distribution system. The cooling water system incorporates multiple closed heat transfer loops plus an open-loop heat rejection system (HRS). Heat generated in the plasma during the deuterium-tritium reaction will be transferred through the tokamak cooling water system (TCWS) to the intermediate component cooling water system (CCWS), and to the HRS, which will reject the heat to the environment.The ITER tokamak and plant auxiliary systems will produce an average of 500 MW of heat during a typical plasma pulse cycle, with a peak of more than 1100 MW during the plasma burn phase; all of this heat needs to be dissipated to the environment. This is accomplished by the evaporation of HRS water as it passes through the induced-draft cooling towers. The high rate of evaporation concentrates minerals in the HRS water; as a result, part of the water is continuously discharged from the system and replaced by water from the Canal de Provence. The discharged water (blowdown) passes through a series of control basins where the water is tested for various parameters such as temperature (maximum 30 °C), pH, and the presence of hydrocarbons, chlorides, sulphates and tritium. Only water that meets the stringent environmental release criteria established by local authorities is released into the Durance River.During plasma operations, the combined flow rate of all water in circulation in the cooling water system loops is approximately 33 m³/s, flowing through pi

fusionforenergy.europa.eu

F4E is responsible for the European contribution to ITER and the development of Fusion energy. Discover the merits and business opportunities of the biggest experiment in fusion energy.

ipfn.tecnico.ulisboa.pt

instituto de plasmas e fusão nuclear (ipfn) is a portuguese research unit of instituto superior técnico specialized in physics engineering

ifpilm.pl

Instytut Fizyki Plazmy i Laserowej Mikrosyntezy, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion

onr.org.uk

We are the UK’s independent nuclear regulator, with the legal authority to regulate nuclear safety, civil nuclear security and safeguards, and conventional health and safety at licensed nuclear sites in Great Britain (GB).

ujf.cas.cz

ústav jaderné fyziky akademie věd české republiky, veřejná neuniverzitní výzkumná instituce.

regulations.doe.gov

The Building Technologies Office (BTO) implements minimum energy conservation standards for more than 65 categories of consumer products and commercial equipment.